Manipulation of plant polysaccharide synthases

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides compositions and methods for manipulation of plant polysaccharides and plant polysaccharide synthases. Compositions include novel nucleotide sequences encoding polysaccharide synthases polypeptides, and biologically active variants thereof. Further provided are methods for polysaccharide manipulation using the sequences disclosed herein. One method comprises stably incorporating into the genome of a plant cell, a nucleotide sequence of the present invention operably linked to a heterologous promoter and regenerating a stably transformed plant that expresses the nucleotide sequence. Methods for enhancing digestibility of plants, improving gum extractability from plants, and altering plant growth are also provided.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. application Ser. No. 60/325,614 filed Sep. 27, 2001, which is herein incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to polysaccharide production in plants through alteration of the polysaccharide synthesis pathways.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Cereals constitute a major portion of human nutrition because of the polysaccharides the plants produce. Annually, over one billion tons of cereal grains are harvested, and half the calories consumed by humans are from rice and wheat alone. In addition, grazing animals consume vast amounts of grasses. Although cellulose is the primary polysaccharide of plants, plant cell walls also contain hemicelluloses and pectins (Carpita (1996) Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 47:445–476).

Plant growth is determined by concerted synthesis of cell wall polymers, such as hemicelluloses and pectins. Thus, increased synthesis of one cell wall polymer is expected to cause an increase in the synthesis of the other polymers as well. Increased production of a plant polysaccharide generally accelerates plant growth. Conversely, decreased production of a plant polysaccharide generally inhibits the synthesis of other cell wall polymers and slows plant growth.

Mature plant cells generally contain about 30–40% hemicellulose. In monocot species, arabinoxylan (also referred to as glucurono-arabinoxylans or pentosan) is the main component of hemicellulose in the cell wall. In contrast, dicot cell walls contain xyloglucan as the primary hemicellulosic polymer (Carpita (1996) Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 47:445–476).

Arabinoxylans are anti-nutritional components of animal feed, yet these polymers constitute 45–65% of the plant cell wall. Arabinoxylans absorb large amounts of water thus increasing the viscosity of the chyme and sequestering other digestible nutrients away from the digestive enzymes (WO 99/67404). In addition, the increased viscosity of the chyme results in sticky feces that contribute to animal hygiene and enteric disturbance problems for the livestock producer (Selinger et al. (1996) Anaerobe 2:263–284). Therefore, in certain circumstances, it would be desirable to lower the concentration of arabinoxylans in plants.

However, dietary fiber, particularly arabinoxylan, reduces cholesterol and low density lipoprotein levels in humans (WO 99/67,404). In breadmaking, bread quality depends heavily on the consistency of the dough. Dough that lacks viscosity alters the crumb structure of the bread and decreases the volume of bread produced. Arabinoxylan provides the viscous properties of dough (Girhammar et al. (1995) Food Hydrocolloids 9:133–140). Additionally, industries use isolated arabinoxylan preparations as thickeners, emulsifiers, or stabilizers in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Therefore, in certain circumstances, it would be desirable to increase the concentration of arabinoxylans in plant.

The modulation of hemicellulose content can also be utilized to control plant growth. For example, plant growth is determined by concerted synthesis of cell wall polymers. It is expected that increased synthesis of one of the cell wall polymers, such as hemicellulose, will cause an increase in the synthesis of the rest of the polymers as well. It is expected that increased production of arabinoxylan or xyloglucan in vegetative tissue will accelerate plant growth. In contrast, it is expected that decreased production of arabinoxylan will slow plant growth. Additionally, tissue-specific control of hemicellulose productivity is used to modify plant organ growth and development. Early flowering, larger fruit size, or stronger stalk or stem quality is achieved by operably linking a tissue specific promoter to a gene which when expressed increases hemicellulose biosynthesis (U.S. Pat. No. 6,194,638). In view of the foregoing, it would be desirable to modulate the arabinoxylan and xyloglucan concentration in crop plants.

Clearly, modulating the concentrations of polysaccharides in various crops is a desirable goal. However, a direct approach using the enzymes that synthesize polysaccharides has been obscured for some time due to difficulties in isolating and cloning any of the plant polysaccharide synthase genes. Polysaccharide synthase enzymes for the common polysaccharides are estimated to number in the hundreds. Recently, several cellulose-synthase genes have been identified. The cellulose synthase genes share regions of homology that allow the identification of novel genes that participate in polysaccharide synthesis (Cutler et al. (1997) Current Biology 7: R108–R111).

Compositions and methodologies useful in the modulation of polysaccharide levels in plants are needed.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Compositions and methods for modulating plant polysaccharide synthesis are provided. In particular, the present invention provides nucleotide sequences encoding polysaccharide synthase polypeptides. More specifically, the present invention provides the nucleotide sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29 or variants thereof. Also provided are amino acid sequences (SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30) encoded by the nucleotide sequences of the invention, and biologically active variants thereof.

Further compositions of the invention include expression cassettes and vectors for expression of these novel sequences in plants. Transformed plant cells, plants, plant tissues, and seed are also provided.

The invention further provides a method for modulation of polysaccharides, particularly hemicelluloses and pectins in plants. The method comprises stably incorporating into the genome of a plant a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide of the invention operably linked to a promoter that drives expression of the sequence in the plant. Modification of plant polysaccharide levels alters the digestability and nutritive value of the plant and improves the sanitation of livestock and poultry that have consumed the plant. Additionally, modification of plant polysaccharide levels alters plant growth and allows extraction of gums.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides compositions and methods for the modulation of polysaccharides in a plant. Compositions are nucleic acid molecules comprising novel nucleotide sequences encoding polypeptides that are involved in polysaccharide synthesis, hereinafter referred to as “polysaccharide synthases.” Specifically, the present invention provides for isolated nucleic acid molecules comprising nucleotide sequences encoding the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, or 30 or the nucleotide sequences encoding the cDNA insert of the plasmids deposited in a bacterial host as Patent Deposit Nos. PTA-3610, PTA-3612, PTA-3611, or PTA-3613. Further provided are polypeptides having an amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleic acid molecules described herein, for example those set forth in SEQ ID NOS:1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27,or 29, and fragments and variants thereof. These nucleotide sequences were identified in Zea mays.

Plasmids containing several of the nucleotide sequences of the invention were deposited with the Patent Depository of the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), Manassas, Va., on Aug. 7, 2001 and assigned Patent Deposit Nos. PTA-3610, PTA-3612, PTA-3611, or PTA-3613. These deposits will be maintained under the terms of the Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedure. These deposits were made merely as a convenience for those of skill in the art and are not an admission that a deposit is required under 35 U.S.C. §112.

By “polysaccharide synthase” is intended the polypeptides of the invention that are enzymes involved in the synthesis of polysaccharides. By “polysaccharide synthesis” or “synthesis of polysaccharide(s)” is intended any modification to a polymer of monosaccharide residues including, but not limited to, xylose, glucose, arabinose, mannose, and galactose. Such modifications include ligation or formation of any of the various bonds, oxidation, reduction, the addition or deletion of a chemical moiety, particularly glucuronic acid, arabinose, acetyl, galactose, xylose, fucose, mannose, and rhamnose side chains, or any other change that affects the structure or activity of the molecule, including rerouting a polysaccharide from one biosynthetic pathway to another. While the present invention is not bound by any particular mechanism of polysaccharide synthesis, the sequences of the invention may synthesize polysaccharides by catalyzing glycosidic linkages extending the polysaccharide polymer, attaching side chain residues, or modifying the side chains of the polysaccharide. Hence polypeptides having polysaccharide synthase activity are characterized by the ability to accelerate the chemical modification of a polysaccharide molecule. Rerouting a polysaccharide from one biosynthetic pathway to another results in an increase or decrease in the level of another polysaccharide, and hence alters polysaccharide composition of a plant cell, tissue, or organ.

The polysaccharide synthases of the invention are characterized by their sequence similarity to previously identified enzymes that are known to be involved in polysaccharide synthesis. Such enzymes include, for example, celA1 (Pear et al. (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 93:12637–12642; Richmond et al. (2000) Plant Physiol. 124: 495–498), which is a cellulose synthase-like (Csl) Deposit Nos. PTA-3610, PTA-3611, or PTA-3613. These deposits will be maintained under the terms of the Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for a the Purposes of Patent Procedure. These deposits were made merely as a convenience for those of skill in the art and are not an admission that a deposit is required under 35 U.S.C. §112.

By “polysaccharide synthase” is intended the polypeptides of the invention that are enzymes involved in the synthesis of polysaccharides. By “polysaccharide synthesis” or “synthesis of polysaccharide(s)” is intended any modification to a polymer of monosaccharide residues including, but not limited to, xylose, glucose, arabinose, mannose, and galactose. Such modifications include ligation or formation of any of the various bonds, oxidation, reduction, the addition or deletion of a chemical moiety, particularly glucuronic acid, arabinose, acetyl, galactose, xylose, fucose, mannose, and rhamnose side chains, or any other change that affects the structure or activity of the molecule, including rerouting a polysaccharide from one biosynthetic pathway to another. While the present invention is not bound by any particular mechanism of polysaccharide synthesis, the sequences of the invention may synthesize polysaccharides by catalyzing glycosidic linkages extending the polysaccharide polymer, attaching side chain residues, or modifying the side chains of the polysaccharide. Hence polypeptides having polysaccharide synthase activity are characterized by the ability to accelerate the chemical modification of a polysaccharide molecule. Rerouting a polysaccharide from one biosynthetic pathway to another results in an increase or decrease in the level of another polysaccharide, and hence alters polysaccharide composition of a plant cell, tissue, or organ.

The polysaccharide synthases of the invention are characterized by their sequence similarity to previously identified enzymes that are known to be involved in polysaccharide synthesis. Such enzymes include, for example, celA1 (Pear et al. (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 93:12637–12642; Richmond et al. (2000) Plant Physiol. 124: 495–498), which is a cellulose synthase-like (Csl) polypeptide. The Csl polypeptides share amino-acid-sequence homology to known cellulose synthases. The Csl polypeptides contain a QxxRW motif, which may form the substrate binding and catalytic sites of these enzymes (Richmond et al. (2000) Plant Physiology 124:495–498), as well as 3–6 transmembrane domains at the carboxy-terminus and 1–2 transmembrane domains at the amino-terminus. Transmembrane domains anchor polypeptides to membranes, including, for example, the Golgi apparatus membrane. The polypeptides responsible for synthesis of polysaccharides other than cellulose and callose, such as hemicelluloses and pectins, are membrane-associated (WO 99/67404). In fact, polypeptides encoded by several Csl genes have been localized to the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum where synthesis of polysaccharides occurs (Favery et al. (2001) Genes Dev. 15:79–89; Ray et al. (1976) Ber. Deutsch Bot Ges. Bd. 89:121–146 [cited in WO 99/67404]).

The novel polysaccharide synthases of the invention have several features in common with Csl polypeptides known in the art. These novel polypeptides contain the QxxRW motif and at least 4 transmembrane domains. The nucleotide sequences of the invention (SEQ ID NOS:1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29) encode polypeptides that contain 6 transmembrane domains. The Golgi localization of the polypeptides encoded by the polysaccharide synthase nucleotide sequences of the invention suggests these polysaccharide synthases are more likely to synthesize polysaccharides such as hemicelluloses or pectins rather than cellulose or callose (Richmond et al. (2000) Plant Physiology 124:495–498). This CS1F class of genes is responsible for making the xylan backbone of arabinoxylan, and in so doing provides for changes in maize stalk and other tissues. Hence, the sequences of the invention may find use in the modulation of polysaccharide levels, thereby altering overall polysaccharide composition of a plant cell, tissue, or organ.

Polysaccharides predominate in the cell wall of plants and are grouped in several classes, including hemicellulose and pectin. The hemicellulose class of polysaccharides cannot be extracted from the plant cell wall with water or chelating agents, but can be extracted with aqueous alkali. The hemicelluloses include polysaccharides selected from the group comprised of xylans, glucuronoxylans, arabinoxylans, arabinogalactans II, glucomannans, xyloglucans, mixed-link glucans, and galactomannans. Xylans contain a backbone of (1,4)-linked xylose residues with side chains present in varying amounts. In glucuronoxylans, glucuronic acid side chains predominate, although the compound may contain arabinose and acetyl side chains also. In arabinoxylans, arabinose side chains predominate. Glucomannans contain glucose and xylose linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds, and galactose side chains are possible. Xyloglucans contain a backbone of (1,4)-linked glucose residues with xylose side chains, although galactose, fucose, and arabinose side chains are possible.

The pectin class of polysaccharides can be extracted from the plant cell wall with hot aqueous solutions of chelating agents or with hot dilute acid. Pectin includes polysaccharides rich in galacturonic acid, rhamnose, arabinose, and galactose, such as polygalacturonans, rhamnogalacturonans, and some arabinans, galactans, and arabinogalactans. Polygalacturonans consist primarily of galacturonic acid. Rhamnogalacturonans consist predominantly of galacturonic acid and rhamnose, although some forms may have up to four additional types of sugar. Galactans are polymers of galactose.

The quantity and complexity of plant polysaccharides has slowed development in the understanding of their biosynthetic pathways. The quantity and permutations of linkages, side chain patterns, and various backbones in polysaccharides suggests that the number of polysaccharide synthases is substantial. Numerous polysaccharide synthesis enzymatic activities have been identified including, but not limited to, xyloglucan alpha,1–2 fructosyltransferase; galactinol synthase; KOJAK; sucrose:sucrose 1-fructosyltransferase; fructan:fructan 1-fructosyltransferase; and Suc:fructan-6-fructosyltransferase. See Wulff et al. (2000) Plant Physiol. 122:867–877; Sprenger et al. (2000) Plant J. 21:249–258; Favery et al. (2001) Genes Dev. 15:79–89; Reid (2000) Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 3:512–516; Hellwege et al. (2000) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 15:8699–8704; Muller et al. (2000) Plant Physiol. 123:265–274; Geshi et al. (2000) Planta 210:622–629, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,194,638, each of which is herein incorporated by reference.

The invention encompasses isolated or substantially purified nucleic acid or protein compositions. An “isolated” or “purified” nucleic acid molecule or protein, or biologically active portion thereof, is substantially or essentially free from components that normally accompany or interact with the nucleic acid molecule or protein as found in its naturally occurring environment. Thus, an isolated or purified nucleic acid molecule or protein is substantially free of other cellular material, or culture medium when produced by recombinant techniques, or substantially free of chemical precursors or other chemicals when chemically synthesized. Preferably, an “isolated” nucleic acid is free of sequences (preferably protein encoding sequences) that naturally flank the nucleic acid (i.e., sequences located at the 5′ and 3′ ends of the nucleic acid) in the genomic DNA of the organism from which the nucleic acid is derived. For example, in various embodiments, the isolated nucleic acid molecule can contain less than about 5 kb, 4 kb, 3 kb, 2 kb, 1 kb, 0.5 kb, or 0.1 kb of nucleotide sequences that naturally flank the nucleic acid molecule in genomic DNA of the cell from which the nucleic acid is derived. A protein that is substantially free of cellular material includes preparations of protein having less than about 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, or 1% (by dry weight) of contaminating protein. When the protein of the invention or biologically active portion thereof is recombinantly produced, preferably culture medium represents less than about 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, or 1% (by dry weight) of chemical precursors or non-protein-of-interest chemicals.

Fragments and variants of the disclosed nucleotide sequences and polysaccharide synthase polypeptides encoded thereby are also encompassed by the present invention. By “fragment” is intended a portion of the nucleotide sequence or a portion of the amino acid sequence and hence polypeptide encoded thereby. Fragments of a nucleotide sequence may encode protein fragments that retain the activity of polysaccharide synthase polypeptides and hence function in polysaccharide synthesis. Alternatively, fragments of a nucleotide sequence that are useful as hybridization probes generally do not encode protein fragments retaining the activity of polysaccharide synthases. Furthermore, fragments used to decrease the activity of a polypeptide involved in polysaccharide synthesis using antisense or cosuppression technology also may not encode a polypeptide having the activity of polysaccharide synthases. However, expression of such fragments does result in a decrease in activity of a polypeptide involved in polysaccharide synthesis.

Generally, fragments of a nucleotide sequence will retain biological activity or encode a polypeptide that retains biological activity wherein “biological activity” is defined as any activity or function of the sequences of the invention, including, but not limited to: hybridization capability, the ability to prime synthesis, the ability to be specifically labeled, cellular activity, enzymatic activity, antigen activity, and binding activity. Thus, fragments of a nucleotide sequence of the invention may range from at least about 16 nucleotides, about 20 nucleotides, about 50 nucleotides, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1050, 1100, 1150, 1200, 1250, 1300, 1350, 1400, 1450, 1500, 1550, 1600, 1650, 1700, 1750, 1800, 1850, 1900, or up to 1919 nucleotides for SEQ ID NO: 1; at least about 16 nucleotides, about 20 nucleotides, about 50 nucleotides, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1050, 1100, 1150, 1200, 1250, 1300, 1350, 1400, 1450, 1500, 1550, or up to 1569 nucleotides for SEQ ID NO: 3, the coding sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1; at least about 16 nucleotides, about 20 nucleotides, about 50 nucleotides, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1050, 1100, 1150, 1200, 1250, 1300, 1350, 1400, 1450, 1500, 1550, 1600, 1650, or up to 1673 nucleotides for SEQ ID NO: 5; at least about 16 nucleotides, about 20 nucleotides, about 50 nucleotides, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1050, 1100, 1150, 1200, 1250, 1300, 1350, 1400, 1450, 1500, 1550, 1600, or up to 1611 nucleotides for SEQ ID NO: 7, the coding sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5; at least about 16 nucleotides, about 20 nucleotides, about 50 nucleotides, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1050, 1100, 1150, 1200, or up to 1221 nucleotides for SEQ ID NO: 9; at least about 16 nucleotides, about 20 nucleotides, about 50 nucleotides, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1050, or up to 1065 nucleotides for SEQ ID NO: 11, the coding sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:9; or at least about 16 nucleotides, about 20 nucleotides, about 50 nucleotides, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1050, 1100, 1150, 1200, 1250, 1300, 1350, 1400, 1450, 1500, 1550, 1600, 1650, 1700, 1750, 1800, 1850, or up to 1899 nucleotides for SEQ ID NO: 13; at least about 16 nucleotides, about 20 nucleotides, about 50 nucleotides, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1050, 1100, 1150, 1200, 1250, 1300, 1350, 1400, 1450, 1500, 1550, or up to 1587 nucleotides for SEQ ID NO: 15, the coding sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13, at least about 16 nucleotides, about 20 nucleotides, about 50 nucleotides, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1050, 1100, 1150, 1200, 1250, 1300, 1350, 1400, 1450, 1500, 1550, 1600, 1650, 1700, 1750, 1800, 1850, 1900, 1950, 2000, 2050, 2100, 2150, 2200, 2250, 2300, 2350, 2400, 2450, 2500, or up to 2551 nucleotides for SEQ ID NO: 17, at least about 16 nucleotides, about 20 nucleotides, about 50 nucleotides, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1050, 1100, 1150, 1200, 1250, 1300, 1350, 1400, 1450, 1500, 1550, 1600, 1650, 1700, or up to 1740 nucleotides for SEQ ID NO: 19, at least about 16 nucleotides, about 20 nucleotides, about 50 nucleotides, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1050, 1100, 1150, 1200, 1250, 1300, 1350, 1400, 1450, 1500, 1550, 1600, 1650, 1700, 1750, 1800, or up to 1834 nucleotides for SEQ ID NO: 21, at least about 16 nucleotides, about 20 nucleotides, about 50 nucleotides, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1050, 1100, 1150, 1200, 1250, 1300, 1350, 1400, 1450, 1500, 1550, 1600, 1650, 1700, 1750, 1800, 1850, 1900, 1950, 2000, 2050, 2100, 2150, 2200, 2250, 2300, 2350, 2400, or up to 2432 nucleotides for SEQ ID NO: 23, at least about 16 nucleotides, about 20 nucleotides, about 50 nucleotides, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1050, 1100, 1150, or up to 1190 nucleotides for SEQ ID NO:25, at least about 16 nucleotides, about 20 nucleotides, about 50 nucleotides, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1050, 1100, 1150, 1200, 1250, 1300, 1350, 1400, 1450, 1500, 1550, 1600, 1650, 1700, 1750, 1800, 1850, 1900, 1950, 2000, 2050, 2100, 2150, 2200, 2250, 2300 or up to 2351 nucleotides for SEQ ID NO:27, or at least about 16 nucleotides, about 20 nucleotides, about 50 nucleotides, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1050, 1100, 1150, 1200, 1250, 1300, 1350, 1400, 1450, 1500, 1550, 1600, 1650, 1700, 1750, 1800, 1850, 1900, 1950, 2000, 2050, 2100, 2150, 2200, 2250, 2300, or up to 2318 nucleotides for SEQ ID NO:29. Alternatively, a nucleic acid molecule that is a fragment of a polysaccharide synthase nucleotide sequence of the present invention comprises a nucleotide sequence consisting of nucleotides 1–100, 100–200, 200–300, 300–400, 400–500, 500–600, 600–700, 700–800, 800–900, 900–1000, 1000–1100, 1100–1200, 1200–1300, 1300–1400, 1400–1500, 1500–1600, 1600–1700, 1700–1800, 1800–1900, 1900–1919 of SEQ ID NO:1; nucleotides 1–100, 100–200, 200–300, 300–400, 400–500, 500–600, 600–700, 700–800, 800–900, 900–1000, 1000–1100, 1100–1200, 1200–1300, 1300–1400, 1400–1500, 1500–1569 for SEQ ID NO:3; nucleotides 1–100, 100–200, 200–300, 300–400, 400–500, 500–600, 600–700, 700–800, 800–900, 900–1000, 1000–1100, 1100–1200, 1200–1300, 1300–1400, 1400–1500, 1500–1600, 1600–1673 of SEQ ID NO:5; nucleotides 1–100, 100–200, 200–300, 300–400, 400–500, 500–600, 600–700, 700–800, 800–900, 900–1000, 1000–1100, 1100–1200, 1200–1300, 1300–1400, 1400–1500, 1500–1600, 1600–1611 of SEQ ID NO:7; nucleotides 1–100, 100–200, 200–300, 300–400, 400–500, 500–600, 600–700, 700–800, 800–900, 900–1000, 1000–1100, 1100–1200, 1200–1221 of SEQ ID NO:9; nucleotides 1–100, 100–200, 200–300, 300–400, 400–500, 500–600, 600–700, 700–800, 800–900, 900–1000, 1000–1065 of SEQ ID NO:11; nucleotides 1–100, 100–200, 200–300, 300–400, 400–500, 500–600, 600–700, 700–800, 800–900, 900–1000, 1000–1100, 1100–1200, 1200–1300, 1300–1400, 1400–1500, 1500–1600, 1600–1700, 1700–1800, 1800–1899 of SEQ ID NO:13; nucleotides 1–100, 100–200, 200–300, 300–400, 400–500, 500–600, 600–700, 700–800, 800–900, 900–1000, 1000–1100, 1100–1200, 1200–1300, 1300–1400, 1400–1500, 1500–1587 of SEQ ID NO:15, nucleotides 1–100, 100–200, 200–300, 300–400, 400–500, 500–600, 600–700, 700–800, 800–900, 900–1000, 1000–1100, 1100–1200, 1200–1300, 1300–1400, 1400–1500, 1500–1600, 1600–1700, 1700–1800, 1800–1900, 1900–2000, 2000–2100, 2100–2200, 2200–2300, 2300–2400, 2400–2500, 2500–2551 of SEQ ID NO:17, nucleotides 1–100, 100–200, 200–300, 300–400, 400–500, 500–600, 600–700, 700–800, 800–900, 900–1000, 1000–1100, 1100–1200, 1200–1300, 1300–1400, 1400–1500, 1500–1600, 1600–1700, 1700–1740 of SEQ ID NO:19, nucleotides 1–100, 100–200, 200–300, 300–400, 400–500, 500–600, 600–700, 700–800, 800–900, 900–1000, 1000–1100, 1100–1200, 1200–1300, 1300–1400, 1400–1500, 1500–1600, 1600–1700, 1700–1800, 1800–1834 of SEQ ID NO:21, nucleotides 1–100, 100–200, 200–300, 300–400, 400–500, 500–600, 600–700, 700–800, 800–900, 900–1000, 1000–1100, 1100–1200, 1200–1300, 1300–1400, 1400–1500, 1500–1600, 1600–1700, 1700–1800, 1800–1900, 1900–2000, 2000–2100, 2100–2200, 2200–2300, 2300–2400, 2400–2432 of SEQ ID NO:23, nucleotides 1–100, 100–200, 200–300, 300–400, 400–500, 500–600, 600–700, 700–800, 800–900, 900–1000, 1000–1100, 1100–1190 of SEQ ID NO:25, nucleotides 1–100, 100–200, 200–300, 300–400, 400–500, 500–600, 600–700, 700–800, 800–900, 900–1000, 1000–1100, 1100–1200, 1200–1300, 1300–1400, 1400–1500, 1500–1600, 1600–1700, 1700–1800, 1800–1900, 1900–2000, 2000–2100, 2100–2200, 2200–2300, 2300–2351 of SEQ ID NO:27, or nucleotides 1–100, 100–200, 200–300, 300–400, 400–500, 500–600, 600–700, 700–800, 800–900, 900–1000, 1000–1100, 1100–1200, 1200–1300, 1300–1400, 1400–1500, 1500–1600, 1600–1700, 1700–1800, 1800–1900, 1900–2000, 2000–2100, 2100–2200, 2200–2300, 2300–2318 of SEQ ID NO:29.

A fragment of a polysaccharide synthase nucleotide sequence that encodes a biologically active portion of a polysaccharide synthase polypeptide of the invention will encode at least 15, 25, 30, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, or up to 522 contiguous amino acids present in SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO:4; at least 15, 25, 30, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, or up to 536 contiguous amino acids present in SEQ ID NO:6 or SEQ ID NO:8; at least 15, 25, 30, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, or up to 354 contiguous amino acids present in SEQ ID NO:10 or SEQ ID NO:12; at least 15, 25, 30, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500,or up to 528 contiguous amino acids present in SEQ ID NO:14 or SEQ ID NO:16, at least 15, 25, 30, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, or up to 720 contiguous amino acids present in SEQ ID NO:18, at least 15, 25, 30, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, or up to 537 contiguous amino acids present in SEQ ID NO:20, at least 15, 25, 30, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550 or up to 572 contiguous amino acids present in SEQ ID NO:22, at least 15, 25, 30, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, or up to 727 contiguous amino acids present in SEQ ID NO:24, at least 15, 25, 30, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250,or up to 264 contiguous amino acids present in SEQ ID NO:26, at least 15, 25, 30, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, or up to 741 contiguous amino acids present in SEQ ID NO:28, at least 15, 25, 30, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550 or up to 590 contiguous amino acids present in SEQ ID NO:30. Fragments of a polysaccharide synthase nucleotide sequence that are useful as hybridization probes or PCR primers generally need not encode a polypeptide that retains polysaccharide synthase activity.

Thus, a fragment of a polysaccharide synthase nucleotide sequence may encode a biologically active portion of a polysaccharide synthase polypeptide, or it may be a fragment that can be used as a hybridization probe or PCR primer using methods disclosed below. A biologically active portion of a polysaccharide synthase polypeptide can be prepared by isolating a portion of one of the nucleotide sequences of the invention, expressing the encoded portion of the polysaccharide synthase polypeptide (e.g., by recombinant expression in vitro), and assessing the activity of the encoded portion of the polysaccharide synthase polypeptide.

Variants of the novel nucleotide sequences or polypacchaide synthase polypeptides encoded thereby are also encompassed by the present invention. By “variants” is intended substantially similar sequences. For nucleotide sequences, conservative variants include those sequences that, because of the degeneracy of the genetic code, encode the amino acid sequence of one of the polysaccharide synthase polypeptides of the invention. Naturally occurring allelic variants such as these can be identified with the use of well-known molecular biology techniques, as, for example, with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and hybridization techniques as outlined below. Variant nucleotide sequences also include synthetically derived nucleotide sequences, such as those generated, for example, by using site-directed mutagenesis but which still encode a polysaccharide synthase polypeptide of the invention. Generally, variants of a particular nucleotide sequence of the invention will have at least about 65%, 70%, generally at least about 75%, 80%, 85%, preferably at least about 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, and more preferably at least about 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to that particular nucleotide sequence as determined by sequence alignment programs described elsewhere herein using default parameters.

By “variant” protein is intended a protein derived from the native protein by deletion (so-called truncation) or addition of one or more amino acids to the N-terminal and/or C-terminal end of the native protein; deletion or addition of one or more amino acids at one or more sites in the native protein; or substitution of one or more amino acids at one or more sites in the native protein. Variant proteins encompassed by the present invention are biologically active, that is they continue to possess a desired biological activity of the native protein, particularly, polysaccharide synthesis activity as described herein. Such variants may result from, for example, genetic polymorphism or from human manipulation. Biologically active variants of a native polysaccharide synthase protein of the invention will have at least about 50%, 60%, 65%, 70%, generally at least about 75%, 80%, 85%, preferably at least about 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, and more preferably at least about 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to the amino acid sequence for the native protein as determined by sequence alignment programs described elsewhere herein using default parameters. A biologically active variant of a protein of the invention may differ from that protein by as few as 1–15 amino acid residues, as few as 1–10, such as 6–10, as few as 5, as few as 4, 3, 2, or even 1 amino acid residue.

The proteins of the invention may be altered in various ways including amino acid substitutions, deletions, truncations, and insertions. Methods for such manipulations are generally known in the art. For example, amino acid sequence variants of the polysaccharide synthase polypeptides can be prepared by mutations in the DNA. Methods for mutagenesis and nucleotide sequence alterations are well known in the art. See, for example, Kunkel (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:488–492; Kunkel et al. (1987) Methods in Enzymol. 154:367–382; U.S. Pat. No. 4,873,192; Walker and Gaastra, eds. (1983) Techniques in Molecular Biology (MacMillan Publishing Company, New York) and the references cited therein. Guidance as to appropriate amino acid substitutions that do not affect biological activity of the protein of interest may be found in the model of Dayhoff et al. (1978) Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure (Natl. Biomed. Res. Found., Washington, D.C.), herein incorporated by reference. Conservative substitutions, such as exchanging one amino acid with another having similar properties, may be preferable.

Thus, the genes and nucleotide sequences of the invention include both the naturally occurring sequences as well as mutant forms. Likewise, the proteins of the invention encompass both naturally occurring proteins as well as variations and modified forms thereof. Such variants will continue to possess the desired polysaccharide synthase activity. Obviously, the mutations that will be made in the DNA encoding the variant must not place the sequence out of reading frame and preferably will not create complementary regions that could produce secondary mRNA structure. See EP Patent Application Publication No. 75,444.

The deletions, insertions, and substitutions of the protein sequences encompassed herein are not expected to produce radical changes in the characteristics of the protein. However, when it is difficult to predict the exact effect of the substitution, deletion, or insertion in advance of doing so, one skilled in the art will appreciate that the effect will be evaluated by routine screening assays. That is, the activity can be evaluated by UDP-substrate binding studies, including a test battery assay to determine optimal substrates. See, for example, Pear et a. (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 93:12637–12642; Geshi et al. (2000) Planta 210:622–629; Wulff et al. (2000) Plant Physiol. 122:867–877) herein incorporated by reference.

Variant nucleotide sequences and proteins also encompass sequences and proteins derived from a mutagenic and recombinogenic procedure such as DNA shuffling. With such a procedure, one or more different polysaccharide synthase coding sequences can be manipulated to create a new polysaccharide synthase possessing the desired properties. In this manner, libraries of recombinant polynucleotides are generated from a population of related sequence polynucleotides comprising sequence regions that have substantial sequence identity and can be homologously recombined in vitro or in vivo. For example, using this approach, sequence motifs encoding a domain of interest may be shuffled between a polysaccharide synthase sequences of the invention and other known polysaccharide synthase genes to obtain a new gene coding for a polysacchaide synthase with an improved property of interest, such as an increased K_(m). Strategies for such DNA shuffling are known in the art. See, for example, Stemmer (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:10747–10751; Stemmer (1994) Nature 370:389–391; Crameri et al. (1997) Nature Biotech. 15:436–438; Moore et al. (1997) J. Mol. Biol. 272:336–347; Zhang et al. (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:4504–4509; Crameri et al. (1998) Nature 391:288–291; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,605,793 and 5,837,458.

The nucleotide sequences of the invention can be used to isolate corresponding sequences from other organisms, particularly other plants, and more particularly other monocots. In this manner, methods such as PCR, hybridization, and the like can be used to identify such sequences based on their sequence homology to the sequences set forth herein. Sequences isolated based on their sequence identity to the entire polysaccharide synthase sequences set forth herein or to fragments thereof are encompassed by the present invention. Such sequences include sequences that are orthologs of the disclosed sequences. By “orthologs” is intended genes derived from a common ancestral gene and which are found in different species as a result of speciation. Genes found in different species are considered orthologs when their nucleotide sequences and/or their encoded protein sequences share substantial identity as defined elsewhere herein. Functions of orthologs are often highly conserved among species.

In a PCR approach, oligonucleotide primers can be designed for use in PCR reactions to amplify corresponding DNA sequences from cDNA or genomic DNA extracted from any plant of interest. Methods for designing PCR primers and PCR cloning are generally known in the art and are disclosed in Sambrook et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (2d ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Plainview, N.Y.). See also Innis et al., eds. (1990) PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications (Academic Press, New York); Innis and Gelfand, eds. (1995) PCR Strategies (Academic Press, New York); and Innis and Gelfand, eds. (1999) PCR Methods Manual (Academic Press, New York). Known methods of PCR include, but are not limited to, methods using paired primers, nested primers, single specific primers, degenerate primers, gene-specific primers, vector-specific primers, partially-mismatched primers, and the like.

In hybridization techniques, all or part of a known nucleotide sequence is used as a probe that selectively hybridizes to other corresponding nucleotide sequences present in a population of cloned genomic DNA fragments or cDNA fragments (i.e., genomic or cDNA libraries) from a chosen organism. The hybridization probes may be genomic DNA fragments, cDNA fragments, RNA fragments, or other oligonucleotides, and may be labeled with a detectable group such as ³²P, or any other detectable marker. Thus, for example, probes for hybridization can be made by labeling synthetic oligonucleotides based on the polysaccharide synthase sequences of the invention. Methods for preparation of probes for hybridization and for construction of cDNA and genomic libraries are generally known in the art and are disclosed in Sambrook et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (2d ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Plainview, N.Y.).

For example, the entire polysaccharide synthase sequences disclosed herein, or one or more portions thereof, may be used as a probe capable of specifically hybridizing to corresponding polysaccharide synthase sequences and messenger RNAs. To achieve specific hybridization under a variety of conditions, such probes include sequences that are unique among polysaccharide synthase sequences and are preferably at least about 10 nucleotides in length, and most preferably at least about 20 nucleotides in length. Such probes may be used to amplify corresponding polysaccharide synthase sequences from a chosen plant by PCR. This technique may be used to isolate additional coding sequences from a desired plant or as a diagnostic assay to determine the presence of coding sequences in a desired plant. Hybridization techniques include hybridization screening of plated DNA libraries (either plaques or colonies; see, for example, Sambrook et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (2d ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Plainview, N.Y.).

Hybridization of such sequences may be carried out under stringent conditions. By “stringent conditions” or “stringent hybridization conditions” is intended conditions under which a probe will hybridize to its target sequence to a detectably greater degree than to other sequences (e.g., at least 2-fold over background). Stringent conditions are sequence-dependent and will be different in different circumstances. By controlling the stringency of the hybridization and/or washing conditions, target sequences that are 100% complementary to the probe can be identified (homologous probing). Alternatively, stringency conditions can be adjusted to allow some mismatching in sequences so that lower degrees of similarity are detected (heterologous probing). Generally, a probe is less than about 1000 nucleotides in length, preferably less than 500 nucleotides in length.

Typically, stringent conditions will be those in which the salt concentration is less than about 1.5 M Na ion, typically about 0.01 to 1.0 M Na ion concentration (or other salts) at pH 7.0 to 8.3 and the temperature is at least about 30° C. for short probes (e.g., 10 to 50 nucleotides) and at least about 60° C. for long probes (e.g., greater than 50 nucleotides). Stringent conditions may also be achieved with the addition of destabilizing agents such as formamide. Exemplary low stringency conditions include hybridization with a buffer solution of 30 to 35% formamide, 1 M NaCl,1% SDS (sodium dodecyl sulphate) at 37° C., and a wash in 1× to 2×SSC (20×SSC=3.0 M NaCl/0.3 M trisodium citrate) at 50 to 55° C. Exemplary moderate stringency conditions include hybridization in 40 to 45% formamide, 1.0 M NaCl, 1% SDS at 37° C., and a wash in 0.5× to 1×SSC at 55 to 60° C. Exemplary high stringency conditions include hybridization in 50% formamide, 1 M NaCl, 1% SDS at 37° C., and a wash in 0.1×SSC at 60 to 65° C. Optionally, wash buffers may comprise about 0.1% to about 1% SDS. Duration of hybridization is generally less than about 24 hours, usually about 4 to about 12 hours.

Specificity is typically the function of post-hybridization washes, the critical factors being the ionic strength and temperature of the final wash solution. For DNA-DNA hybrids, the T_(m) can be approximated from the equation of Meinkoth and Wahl (1984) Anal. Biochem. 138:267–284: T_(m)=81.5° C.+16.6 (log M)+0.41 (% GC)−0.61 (% form)−500/L; where M is the molarity of monovalent cations, % GC is the percentage of guanosine and cytosine nucleotides in the DNA, % form is the percentage of formamide in the hybridization solution, and L is the length of the hybrid in base pairs. The T_(m) is the temperature (under defined ionic strength and pH) at which 50% of a complementary target sequence hybridizes to a perfectly matched probe. T_(m) is reduced by about 1° C. for each 1% of mismatching; thus, T_(m), hybridization, and/or wash conditions can be adjusted to hybridize to sequences of the desired identity. For example, if sequences with ≧90% identity are sought, the T_(m) can be decreased 10° C. Generally, stringent conditions are selected to be about 5° C. lower than the thermal melting point (T_(m)) for the specific sequence and its complement at a defined ionic strength and pH. However, severely stringent conditions can utilize a hybridization and/or wash at 1, 2, 3, or 4° C. lower than the thermal melting point (T_(m)); moderately stringent conditions can utilize a hybridization and/or wash at 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10° C. lower than the thermal melting point (T_(m)); low stringency conditions can utilize a hybridization and/or wash at 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 20° C. lower than the thermal melting point (T_(m)). Using the equation, hybridization and wash compositions, and desired T_(m), those of ordinary skill will understand that variations in the stringency of hybridization and/or wash solutions are inherently described. If the desired degree of mismatching results in a T_(m) of less than 45° C. (aqueous solution) or 32° C. (formamide solution), it is preferred to increase the SSC concentration so that a higher temperature can be used. An extensive guide to the hybridization of nucleic acids is found in Tijssen (1993) Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology—Hybridization with Nucleic Acid Probes, Part 1, Chapter 2 (Elsevier, N.Y.); and Ausubel et al., eds. (1995) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Chapter 2 (Greene Publishing and Wiley-Interscience, New York). See Sambrook et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (2d ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Plainview, N.Y.).

Thus, isolated sequences that encode for a polysaccharide synthase protein and which hybridize under stringent conditions to the polysaccharide synthase sequences disclosed herein, or to fragments thereof, are encompassed by the present invention.

The following terms are used to describe the sequence relationships between two or more nucleic acids or polynucleotides: (a) “reference sequence”, (b) “comparison window”, (c) “sequence identity”, (d) “percentage of sequence identity”, and (e) “substantial identity”.

(a) As used herein, “reference sequence” is a defined sequence used as a basis for sequence comparison. A reference sequence may be a subset or the entirety of a specified sequence; for example, as a segment of a full-length cDNA or gene sequence, or the complete cDNA or gene sequence.

(b) As used herein, “comparison window” makes reference to a contiguous and specified segment of a polynucleotide sequence, wherein the polynucleotide sequence in the comparison window may comprise additions or deletions (i.e., gaps) compared to the reference sequence (which does not comprise additions or deletions) for optimal alignment of the two sequences. Generally, the comparison window is at least 20 contiguous nucleotides in length, and optionally can be 30, 40, 50, 100, or longer. Those of skill in the art understand that to avoid a high similarity to a reference sequence due to inclusion of gaps in the polynucleotide sequence a gap penalty is typically introduced and is subtracted from the number of matches.

Methods of alignment of sequences for comparison are well known in the art. Thus, the determination of percent sequence identity between any two sequences can be accomplished using a mathematical algorithm. Preferred, non-limiting examples of such mathematical algorithms are the algorithm of Myers and Miller (1988) CABIOS 4:11–17; the local homology algorithm of Smith et al. (1981) Adv. Appl. Math. 2:482; the homology alignment algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch (1970) J. Mol. Biol. 48:443–453; the search-for-similarity-method of Pearson and Lipman (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 85:2444–2448; the algorithm of Karlin and Altschul (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:2264, modified as in Karlin and Altschul (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:5873–5877.

Computer implementations of these mathematical algorithms can be utilized for comparison of sequences to determine sequence identity. Such implementations include, but are not limited to: CLUSTAL in the PC/Gene program (available from Intelligenetics, Mountain View, Calif.); the ALIGN program (Version 2.0) and GAP, BESTFIT, BLAST, FASTA, and TFASTA in the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package, Version 8 (available from Genetics Computer Group (GCG), 575 Science Drive, Madison, Wis., USA). Alignments using these programs can be performed using the default parameters. The CLUSTAL program is well described by Higgins et al. (1988) Gene 73:237–244 (1988); Higgins et al. (1989) CABIOS 5:151–153; Corpet et al. (1988) Nucleic Acids Res. 16:10881–90; Huang et al. (1992) CABIOS 8:155–65; and Pearson et al. (1994) Meth. Mol. Biol. 24:307–331. The ALIGN program is based on the algorithm of Myers and Miller (1988) supra. A PAM120 weight residue table, a gap length penalty of 12, and a gap penalty of 4 can be used with the ALIGN program when comparing amino acid sequences. The BLAST programs of Altschul et at (1990) J. Mol. Biol. 215:403 are based on the algorithm of Karlin and Altschul (1990) supra. BLAST nucleotide searches can be performed with the BLASTN program, score=100, wordlength=12, to obtain nucleotide sequences homologous to a nucleotide sequence encoding a protein of the invention. BLAST protein searches can be performed with the BLASTX program, score=50, wordlength=3, to obtain amino acid sequences homologous to a protein or polypeptide of the invention. To obtain gapped alignments for comparison purposes, Gapped BLAST (in BLAST 2.0) can be utilized as described in Altschul et al. (1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389. Alternatively, PSI-BLAST (in BLAST 2.0) can be used to perform an iterated search that detects distant relationships between molecules. See Altschul et a!. (1997) supra. When utilizing BLAST, Gapped BLAST, PSI-BLAST, the default parameters of the respective programs (e.g., BLASTN for nucleotide sequences, BLASTX for proteins) can be used. Alignment may also be performed manually by inspection.

Unless otherwise stated, sequence identity/similarity values provided herein refer to the value obtained using GAP version 10 using the following parameters: % identity using GAP Weight of 50 and Length Weight of 3; % similarity using Gap Weight of 12 and Length Weight of 4, or any equivalent program. By “equivalent program” is intended any sequence comparison program that, for any two sequences in question, generates an alignment having identical nucleotide or amino acid residue matches and an identical percent sequence identity when compared to the corresponding alignment generated by GAP Version 10.

GAP uses the algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch (1970) J. Mol. Biol. 48: 443–453, to find the alignment of two complete sequences that maximizes the number of matches and minimizes the number of gaps. GAP considers all possible alignments and gap positions and creates the alignment with the largest number of matched bases and the fewest gaps. It allows for the provision of a gap creation penalty and a gap extension penalty in units of matched bases. GAP must make a profit of gap creation penalty number of matches for each gap it inserts. If a gap extension penalty greater than zero is chosen, GAP must, in addition, make a profit for each gap inserted of the length of the gap times the gap extension penalty. Default gap creation penalty values and gap extension penalty values in Version 10 of the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package for protein sequences are 8 and 2, respectively. For nucleotide sequences the default gap creation penalty is 50 while the default gap extension penalty is 3. The gap creation and gap extension penalties can be expressed as an integer selected from the group of integers consisting of from 0 to 200. Thus, for example, the gap creation and gap extension penalties can be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65 or greater.

GAP presents one member of the family of best alignments. There may be many members of this family, but no other member has a better quality. GAP displays four figures of merit for alignments: Quality, Ratio, Identity, and Similarity. The Quality is the metric maximized in order to align the sequences. Ratio is the quality divided by the number of bases in the shorter segment. Percent Identity is the percent of the symbols that actually match. Percent Similarity is the percent of the symbols that are similar. Symbols that are across from gaps are ignored. A similarity is scored when the scoring matrix value for a pair of symbols is greater than or equal to 0.50, the similarity threshold. The scoring matrix used in Version 10 of the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package is BLOSUM62 (see Henikoff and Henikoff (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:10915).

(c) As used herein, “sequence identity” or “identity” in the context of two nucleic acid or polypeptide sequences makes reference to the residues in the two sequences that are the same when aligned for maximum correspondence over a specified comparison window. When percentage of sequence identity is used in reference to proteins it is recognized that residue positions which are not identical often differ by conservative amino acid substitutions, where amino acid residues are substituted for other amino acid residues with similar chemical properties (e.g., charge or hydrophobicity) and therefore do not change the functional properties of the molecule. When sequences differ in conservative substitutions, the percent sequence identity may be adjusted upwards to correct for the conservative nature of the substitution. Sequences that differ by such conservative substitutions are said to have “sequence similarity” or “similarity”. Means for making this adjustment are well known to those of skill in the art. Typically this involves scoring a conservative substitution as a partial rather than a full mismatch, thereby increasing the percentage sequence identity. Thus, for example, where an identical amino acid is given a score of 1 and a non-conservative substitution is given a score of zero, a conservative substitution is given a score between zero and 1. The scoring of conservative substitutions is calculated, e.g., as implemented in the program PC/GENE (Intelligenetics, Mountain View, Calif.).

(d) As used herein, “percentage of sequence identity” means the value determined by comparing two optimally aligned sequences over a comparison window, wherein the portion of the polynucleotide sequence in the comparison window may comprise additions or deletions (i.e., gaps) as compared to the reference sequence (which does not comprise additions or deletions) for optimal alignment of the two sequences. The percentage is calculated by determining the number of positions at which the identical nucleic acid base or amino acid residue occurs in both sequences to yield the number of matched positions, dividing the number of matched positions by the total number of positions in the window of comparison, and multiplying the result by 100 to yield the percentage of sequence identity.

(e)(i) The term “substantial identity” of polynucleotide sequences means that a polynucleotide comprises a sequence that has at least 70% sequence identity, preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 90%, and most preferably at least 95%, compared to a reference sequence using one of the alignment programs described using standard parameters. One of skill in the art will recognize that these values can be appropriately adjusted to determine corresponding identity of proteins encoded by two nucleotide sequences by taking into account codon degeneracy, amino acid similarity, reading frame positioning, and the like. Substantial identity of amino acid sequences for these purposes normally means sequence identity of at least 60%, more preferably at least 70%, 80%, 90%, and most preferably at least 95%.

Another indication that nucleotide sequences are substantially identical is if two molecules hybridize to each other under stringent conditions. Generally, stringent conditions are selected to be about 5° C. lower than the thermal melting point (T_(m)) for the specific sequence at a defined ionic strength and pH. However, stringent conditions encompass temperatures in the range of about 1° C. to about 20° C. lower than the T_(m), depending upon the desired degree of stringency as otherwise qualified herein. Nucleic acids that do not hybridize to each other under stringent conditions are still substantially identical if the polypeptides they encode are substantially identical. This may occur, e.g., when a copy of a nucleic acid is created using the maximum codon degeneracy permitted by the genetic code. One indication that two nucleic acid sequences are substantially identical is when the polypeptide encoded by the first nucleic acid is immunologically cross reactive with the polypeptide encoded by the second nucleic acid.

(e)(ii) The term “substantial identity” in the context of a peptide indicates that a peptide comprises a sequence with at least 70% sequence identity to a reference sequence, preferably 80%, more preferably 85%, most preferably at least 90% or 95% sequence identity to the reference sequence over a specified comparison window. Preferably, optimal alignment is conducted using the homology alignment algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch (1970) J. Mol. Biol. 48:443–453. An indication that two peptide sequences are substantially identical is that one peptide is immunologically reactive with antibodies raised against the second peptide. Thus, a peptide is substantially identical to a second peptide, for example, where the two peptides differ only by a conservative substitution. Peptides that are “substantially similar” share sequences as noted above except that residue positions that are not identical may differ by conservative amino acid changes.

Methods are provided for modulating polysaccharide synthase levels in a plant. By “modulating” is intended decreasing or increasing the native levels of polysaccharide synthase transcripts, polypeptides, enzyme activity; altering the enzyme specificity; or a combination thereof. By “decreasing” polysaccharide synthase transcripts, polypeptides, or enzyme activity is intended a 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100% reduction of the native polysaccharide transcript, polypeptide or enzyme activity. By “increasing” polysaccharide synthase transcripts, polypeptides, or enzyme activity is intended a 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100% or more augmentation of the native polysaccharide transcript, polypeptide, or enzyme activity. Modulating also comprises expression of an enzyme normally not found in a particular plant. Thus, plants and plant cells are obtained that have altered polysaccharide biosynthesis pathways. Such plants, plant cells, and plant tissues are “modified” in that the activities of proteins in polysaccharide biosynthesis pathways are altered. As noted below, various methods are available for creating modified plants, plant cells, and plant tissues, including transformation, transcription, and breeding. Any method known in the art for modulating expression may be employed singly or in combination to achieve the desired result. Such techniques will lead to an altered expression of polysaccharide synthase polypeptides involved in the polysaccharide biosynthesis pathways in the modified plant, plant cell, or plant tissue.

Modulating can be accomplished by either up-regulating or down-regulating expression of a nucleotide sequence of the invention. An embodiment of the invention involves modulation of polysaccharide synthase expression in a crop plant, particularly maize. Methods for up-regulating expression of a nucleotide sequence include introducing a nucleotide sequence of the invention operably linked to a heterologous promoter such as a strong promoter, constitutive promoter, or seed-specific promoter into a plant cell of interest. Methods for down-regulating expression of a nucleotide sequence include the use of antisense suppression and co-suppression technology to inhibit expression of a nucleotide sequence of the invention.

Anti-sense suppression technology is a method of down-regulating expression of the nucleotide sequences of the invention. It is recognized that with these nucleotide sequences, antisense constructions complementary to at least a portion of the messenger RNA (mRNA) for the polysaccharide synthase sequences can be constructed. Antisense nucleotides are constructed to hybridize with the corresponding mRNA. Modifications of the antisense sequences may be made as long as the sequences hybridize to and interfere with expression of the corresponding mRNA. In this manner, antisense constructions having 70%, preferably 80%, more preferably 85% sequence identity to the corresponding antisense sequences may be used. Furthermore, portions of the antisense nucleotides may be used to disrupt the expression of the target sequence. Generally, sequences of at least 50 nucleotides, 100 nucleotides, 200 nucleotides, or greater may be used.

The nucleotide sequences of the present invention may also be used in the sense orientation to suppress the expression of endogenous polysaccharide synthases in plants. Methods for suppressing gene expression in plants using nucleotide sequences in the sense orientation are known in the art. The methods generally involve transforming plants with a DNA construct comprising a promoter that drives expression in a plant operably linked to at least a portion of a nucleotide sequence that corresponds to the transcript of the endogenous gene. Typically, such a nucleotide sequence has substantial sequence identity to the sequence of the transcript of the endogenous gene, preferably greater than about 65% sequence identity, more preferably greater than about 85% sequence identity, most preferably greater than about 95% sequence identity. See U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,283,184 and 5,034,323; herein incorporated by reference.

Alternatively, polysaccharide synthase expression may be modulated by modifying the kinetic properties of an endogenous polysaccharide synthase through site-directed alterations of the coding sequence of the endogenous gene resulting in changes in the amino acid sequence of the encoded enzyme. Such site-directed alterations may be accomplished by any method known in the art including, but not limited to, a chimeraplasty-based method involving a nucleotide construct of the invention.

In one embodiment of the invention a method for improving the digestibility of grain crops is provided. By “digestibility” is intended the percentage of a substance taken into a digestive tract that is absorbed by the body. Arabinoxylans constitute 45%–65% of the grain cell wall, but they impede digestion of the grain and may sequester digestible components of grain thus reducing digestibility (WO 99/67404; van der Klis et al. (1995) Anim. Feed Sci. & Tech. 51:15–27). The high levels of undigestible material contribute to the sanitation challenges of livestock and poultry raising (Selinger et al. (1996) Anaerobe 2:263–284). The methods for modulating polysaccharide synthase levels can be used to increase digestibility of grain and forage crops by lowering the concentration of polysaccharide synthases, thereby lowering the concentration of hemicelluloses, such as arabinoxylan, in the modified plant. Tissue-specific promoters can be used to direct down regulation of expression of the nucleotide sequences of the invention in the desired plant tissues using antisense or sense-suppression technology as described elsewhere herein.

Methods to measure digestibility are known in the art and include, but are not limited to, determining the food conversion ratio (WO 99/67404), sampling chyme for chromium, phosphorous, calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium (van der Klis et al. (1995) Anim. Feed Sci. & Tech. 51:15–27), in sacco degradation (van Vuuren et al. (1989) Grass & Forage Sci. 44: 223–230), growth studies (GrootWassink et al. (1989) J. Sci. Food Agric. 46:289–300), and the enzyme digestible dry matter (EDDM) assay (Boisen and Fernandez (1997) Animal Feed Sci. Tech. 68:83–92; and Boisen and Fernandez (1995) Animal Feed Sci. Tech. 51:29–43); all of which are herein incorporated by reference. Such methods can be used to determine the digestibility and/or energy availability of the plant parts of plants modified in accordance with methods of the invention. The modified plant parts, such as modified grain, may be fed to a variety of livestock including, but not limited to, poultry, cattle, swine, horses, and sheep.

In another embodiment of the invention a method for improving gum extractability is provided. By “gum” is intended any of numerous colloidal polysaccharides of plant origin that are gelatinous when moist but which harden on drying, including, but not limited to, arabinoxylans, galactans, and mixed-link glucans. Whereas high gum concentration can be detrimental to digestibility, there is a strong interest in their industrial applications, such as their use as thickeners in the food industry (Sanderson (1982) Prog. Fd. Nutr. Sci. 6:77–87). About 15% of the total corn produced in the USA is subjected to wet milling to produce mainly starch and also oil from the germ. Wet milling is a multi-step process involving the steeping and grinding of kernels, and separating the kernels into starch, protein, oil, and fiber portions. See S. R. Eckhoff (1992) Proceedings of the 4^(th) Corn Utilization Conference, Jun. 24–26, 1992, St. Louis, Mo., (National Corn Growers Association, CIBA-GEIGY Seed Division, and the USDA). The fiber residue left at the end of the wet-milling process is rich in arabinoxylans. However, it is not currently economically feasible to extract arabinoxylans from the wet-milled residue of corn. Increasing the level of arabinoxylans, galactans, or mixed-link glucans in the maize grain improves the ability to extract the gums. This can be achieved by generating a plant that overexpresses polysaccharide synthases involved in synthesis of arabinoxylans, galactans, and mixed-link glucans, particularly overexpression in the tissue of interest, such as grain.

The present invention also provides a method for modulating the plant growth rate. Plant cell growth is accomplished through loosening of the plant cell wall and expansion due to the turgor pressure of the plant cell. There is a relationship between the looseness of the plant cell wall and the turgor pressure of the cell such that looser cell walls require less turgor pressure to expand, while stronger cell walls require more turgor pressure to expand. A component of cell wall loosening is the deposition by a process known as intussusception of matrix polysaccharides within the cell wall. The newly incorporated polysaccharides relieve stress in the load-bearing components of the plant cell wall and prevent a perpetual gradual thinning of the cell walls during plant cell growth. Under conditions of drought or stress, the turgor pressure of the cell decreases, and the plant decreases synthesis of the polysaccharides necessary for cell-wall loosening and cell growth (see Ray (1992) Curr. Topics in Plant Biochem. & Phys. 11:18–41). In this manner, the interplay between low turgor pressure and the strength of the cell wall prevents or slows growth. Increased synthesis of polysaccharides would allow the plant cell wall to loosen and allow growth with less turgor pressure. The use of stress-responsive promoters would allow regulated expression of the polysaccharide synthases of the invention (see U.S. Pat. Nos: US 5,891,859; U.S. Pat. No. 5,929,305; U.S. Pat. No. 5, 965,705; U.S. Pat. No. 5,892, 009). Polysaccharide synthases of the Csl family of gene products have been shown to be involved in plant growth (Favery et al. (2001) Genes Dev. 15:79–89). Therefore, plant cell growth may be modulated by modulating the levels of polysaccharides through modulation of polysaccharide synthase expression. In this manner, the nucleotide sequences of the invention may be used to modulate the levels of polysaccharide synthesis activity and thus to mediate plant growth.

Although modulated growth of the entire plant is one possible desired embodiment, it is recognized that modulated growth of specific tissues such as the roots or seeds may be desired. Methods of tissue-preferred expression of the nucleotide sequences of the invention are discussed elsewhere herein.

The polysaccharide synthase sequences of the invention are provided in expression cassettes for expression in the plant of interest. The cassette will include 5′ and 3′ regulatory sequences operably linked to a nucleotide sequence of the invention. By “operably linked” is intended a functional linkage between a promoter and a second sequence, wherein the promoter sequence initiates and mediates transcription of the DNA sequence corresponding to the second sequence. Generally, operably linked means that the nucleic acid sequences being linked are contiguous and, where necessary to join two protein coding regions, contiguous and in the same reading frame. The cassette may additionally contain at least one additional gene to be cotransformed into the organism. Alternatively, the additional gene(s) can be provided on multiple expression cassettes.

Such an expression cassette is provided with a plurality of restriction sites for insertion of the polysaccharide synthase sequence to be under the transcriptional regulation of the regulatory regions. The expression cassette may additionally contain selectable marker genes.

The expression cassette will include in the 5′–3′ direction of transcription, a transcriptional and translational initiation region, a nucleotide sequence of the invention, and a transcriptional and translational termination region functional in plants. The transcriptional initiation region, the promoter, may be native or analogous or foreign or heterologous to the plant host. Additionally, the promoter may be the natural sequence or alternatively a synthetic sequence. By “foreign” is intended that the transcriptional initiation region be not found in the native plant into which the transcriptional initiation region is introduced. As used herein, a chimeric gene comprises a coding sequence operably linked to a transcription initiation region that is heterologous to the coding sequence.

While it may be preferable to express the sequences using heterologous promoters, the native promoter sequences may be used. Such constructs would change expression levels of polysaccharide synthases in the plant or plant cell. Thus, the phenotype of the plant or plant cell is altered.

The termination region may be native with the transcriptional initiation region, may be native with the operably linked polysaccharide synthase sequence of interest, or may be derived from another source. Convenient termination regions are available from the Ti-plasmid of A. tumefaciens, such as the octopine synthase and nopaline synthase termination regions. See also Guerineau et al. (1991) Mol. Gen. Genet. 262:141–144; Proudfoot (1991) Cell 64:671–674; Sanfacon et al. (1991) Genes Dev. 5:141–149; Mogen et al. (1990) Plant Cell 2:1261–1272; Munroe et al. (1990) Gene 91:151–158; Ballas et al. (1989) Nucleic Acids Res. 17:7891–7903; and Joshi et al. (1987) Nucleic Acid Res. 15:9627–9639.

Where appropriate, the polysaccharide synthase sequences may be optimized for increased expression in the transformed plant. That is, the sequences can be synthesized using plant-preferred codons for improved expression. See, for example, Campbell and Gowri (1990) Plant Physiol. 92:1–11 for a discussion of host-preferred codon usage. Methods are available in the art for synthesizing plant-preferred sequences. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,380,831, and 5,436,391, and Murray et al. (1989) Nucleic Acids Res. 17:477–498, herein incorporated by reference.

Additional sequence modifications are known to enhance gene expression in a cellular host. These include elimination of sequences encoding spurious polyadenylation signals, exon-intron splice site signals, transposon-like repeats, and other such well-characterized sequences that may be deleterious to gene expression. The G-C content of the sequence may be adjusted to levels average for a given cellular host, as calculated by reference to known genes expressed in the host cell. When possible, the sequence is modified to avoid predicted hairpin secondary mRNA structures.

The expression cassettes may additionally contain 5′ leader sequences in the expression cassette construct. Such leader sequences can act to enhance translation. Translation leaders are known in the art and include: picornavirus leaders, for example, EMCV leader (Encephalomyocarditis 5′ noncoding region) (Elroy-Stein et al. (1989) Proc Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:6126–6130); potyvirus leaders, for example, TEV leader (Tobacco Etch Virus) (Gallie et al. (1995) Gene 165(2):233–238), MDMV leader (Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus) (Virology 154:9–20), and human immunoglobulin heavy-chain binding protein (BiP) (Macejak et al. (1991) Nature 353:90–94); untranslated leader from the coat protein mRNA of alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV RNA 4) (Jobling et al. (1987) Nature 325:622–625); tobacco mosaic virus leader (TMV) (Gallie et al. (1989) in Molecular Biology of RNA, ed. Cech (Liss, N.Y.), pp. 237–256); and maize chlorotic mottle virus leader (MCMV) (Lommel et al. (1991) Virology 81:382–385). See also, Della-Cioppa et al. (1987) Plant Physiol. 84:965–968. Other methods known to enhance translation can also be utilized, for example, introns, and the like.

In preparing the expression cassette, the various DNA fragments may be manipulated, so as to provide for the DNA sequences in the proper orientation and, as appropriate, in the proper reading frame. Toward this end, adapters or linkers may be employed to join the DNA fragments or other manipulations may be involved to provide for convenient restriction sites, removal of superfluous DNA, removal of restriction sites, or the like. For this purpose, in vitro mutagenesis, primer repair, restriction, annealing, resubstitutions, e.g., transitions and transversions, may be involved.

Generally, the expression cassette will comprise a selectable marker gene for the selection of transformed cells. Selectable marker genes are utilized for the selection of transformed cells or tissues. Marker genes include genes encoding antibiotic resistance, such as those encoding neomycin phosphotransferase II (NEO) and hygromycin phosphotransferase (HPT), as well as genes conferring resistance to herbicidal compounds, such as glufosinate ammonium, bromoxynil, imidazolinones, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4-D). See generally, Yarranton (1992) Curr. Opin. Biotech. 3:506–511; Christopherson et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:6314–6318; Yao et al. (1992) Cell 71:63–72; Reznikoff (1992) Mol. Microbiol. 6:2419–2422; Barkley et al. (1980) in The Operon, pp. 177–220; Hu et al. (1987) Cell48:555–566; Brown et al. (1987) Cell 49:603–612; Figge et al. (1988) Cell 52:713–722; Deuschle et al. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:5400–5404; Fuerst et al. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:2549–2553; Deuschle et al. (1990) Science 248:480–483; Gossen (1993) Ph.D. Thesis, University of Heidelberg; Reines et al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:1917–1921; Labow et al. (1990) Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:3343–3356; Zambretti et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:3952–3956; Baim et al. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:5072–5076; Wyborski et al. (1991) Nucleic Acids Res. 19:4647–4653; Hillenand-Wissman (1989) Topics Mol. Struc. Biol. 10:143–162; Degenkolb et al. (1991) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 35:1591–1595; Kleinschnidt et al. (1988) Biochemistry 27:1094–1104; Bonin (1993) Ph.D. Thesis, University of Heidelberg; Gossen et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:5547–5551; Oliva et al. (1992) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 36:913–919; Hlavka et al. (1985) Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vol. 78 (Springer-Verlag, Berlin); Gill et al. (1988) Nature 334:721–724. Such disclosures are herein incorporated by reference. The above list of selectable marker genes is not meant to be limiting. Any selectable marker gene can be used in the present invention.

The use of the term “nucleotide constructs” herein is not intended to limit the present invention to nucleotide constructs comprising DNA. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that nucleotide constructs, particularly polynucleotides and oligonucleotides, comprised of ribonucleotides and combinations of ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides may also be employed in the methods disclosed herein. Thus, the nucleotide constructs of the present invention encompass all nucleotide constructs that can be employed in the methods of the present invention for transforming plants including, but not limited to, those comprised of deoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleotides, and combinations thereof. Such deoxyribonucleotides and ribonucleotides include both naturally occurring molecules and synthetic analogues. The nucleotide constructs of the invention also encompass all forms of nucleotide constructs including, but not limited to, single-stranded forms, double-stranded forms, hairpins, stem-and-loop structures, and the like.

In certain embodiments the nucleic acid sequences of the present invention can be stacked with any combination of polynucleotide sequences of interest in order to create plants with a desired phenotype. For example, the polynucleotides of the present invention may be stacked with any other polynucleotides of the present invention, such as any combination of polysaccharide synthases (SEQ ID NOS:1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29), or with other genes implicated in polysaccharide synthase enzymatic activities including, but not limited to, xyloglucan alpha 1–2 fructosyltransferase; galactinol synthase; KOJAK; sucrose:sucrose 1-fructosyltransferase; fructan:fructan 1-fructosyltransferase; and Suc:fructan-6-fructosyltransferase. (See Wulff et al. (2000) Plant Physiol. 122:867–877; Sprenger et al. (2000) Plant J. 21:249–258; Favery et al. (2001) Genes Dev. 15:79–89; Reid (2000) Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 3:512–516; Hellwege et al. (2000) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 15:8699–8704; Muller et al. (2000) Plant Physiol. 123:265–274; Geshi et al. (2000) Planta 210:622–629, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,194,638, each of which is herein incorporated by reference.) The combinations generated can also include multiple copies of any one of the polynucleotides of interest. The polynucleotides of the present invention can also be stacked with any other gene or combination of genes to produce plants with a variety of desired trait combinations including but not limited to traits desirable for animal feed such as high oil genes (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,232,529); balanced amino acids (e.g. hordothionins (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,990,389; 5,885,801; 5,885,802; and 5,703,409); barley high lysine (Williamson et al. (1987) Eur. J Biochem. 165:99–106; and WO 98/20122); and high methionine proteins (Pedersen et al. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261:6279; Kirihara et al. (1988) Gene 71:359; and Musumura et al. (1989) Plant Mol. Biol. 12: 123)); increased digestibility (e.g., modified storage proteins (U.S. application Ser. No. 10/053,410, filed Nov. 7, 2001); and thioredoxins (U.S. application Ser. No. 10/005,429, filed Dec. 3, 2001)), the disclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference. The polynucleotides of the present invention can also be stacked with traits desirable for insect, disease or herbicide resistance (e.g., Bacillus thuringiensis toxic proteins (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,366,892; 5,747,450; 5,737,514; 5723,756; 5,593,881; Geiser et al (1986) Gene 48:109); lectins (Van Damme et al. (1994) Plant Mol. Biol. 24:825); fumonisin detoxification genes (U.S. Pat. No. 5,792,931); avirulence and disease resistance genes (Jones et al. (1994) Science 266:789; Martin et al. (1993) Science 262:1432; Mindrinos et al. (1994) Cell 78:1089); acetolactate synthase (ALS) mutants that lead to herbicide resistance such as the S4 and/or Hra mutations; inhibitors of glutamine synthase such as phosphinothricin or basta (e.g., bar gene); and glyphosate resistance (EPSPS gene)); and traits desirable for processing or process products such as high oil (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,232,529 ); modified oils (e.g., fatty acid desaturase genes (U.S. Pat. No. 5,952,544; WO 94/11516)); modified starches (e.g., ADPG pyrophosphorylases (AGPase), starch synthases (SS), starch branching enzymes (SBE) and starch debranching enzymes (SDBE)); and polymers or bioplastics (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,602,321; beta-ketothiolase, polyhydroxybutyrate synthase, and acetoacetyl-CoA reductase (Schubert et al. (1988) J. Bacteriol. 170:5837–5847) facilitate expression of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)), the disclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference. One could also combine the polynucleotides of the present invention with polynucleotides providing agronomic traits such as male sterility (e.g., see U.S. Pat. No. 5,583,210), stalk strength, flowering time, or transformation technology traits such as cell cycle regulation or gene targeting (e.g. WO 99/61619; WO 00/17364; WO 99/25821), the disclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference.

These stacked combinations can be created by any method including but not limited to cross breeding plants by any conventional or TopCross methodology, or genetic transformation. If the traits are stacked by genetically transforming the plants, the polynucleotide sequences of interest can be combined at any time and in any order. For example, a transgenic plant comprising one or more desired traits can be used as the target to introduce further traits by subsequent transformation. The traits can be introduced simultaneously in a co-transformation protocol with the polynucleotides of interest provided by any combination of transformation cassettes. For example, if two sequences will be introduced, the two sequences can be contained in separate transformation cassettes (trans) or contained on the same transformation cassette (cis). Expression of the sequences can be driven by the same promoter or by different promoters. In certain cases, it may be desirable to introduce a transformation cassette that will suppress the expression of the polynucleotide of interest. This may be combine with any combination of other suppression cassettes or overexpression cassettes to generate the desired combination of traits in the plant.

Furthermore, it is recognized that the methods of the invention may employ a nucleotide construct that is capable of directing, in a transformed plant, the expression of at least one protein, or at least one RNA, such as, for example, an antisense RNA that is complementary to at least a portion of an mRNA of interest. Typically such a nucleotide construct is comprised of a coding sequence for a protein or an RNA operably linked to 5′ and 3′ transcriptional regulatory regions. Alternatively, it is also recognized that the methods of the invention may employ a nucleotide construct that is not capable of directing, in a transformed plant, the expression of a protein or an RNA.

In addition, it is recognized that methods of the present invention do not depend on the incorporation of the entire nucleotide construct into the genome, only that the plant or cell thereof is altered as a result of the introduction of the nucleotide construct into a cell. In one embodiment of the invention, the genome may be altered following the introduction of the nucleotide construct into a cell. For example, the nucleotide construct, or any part thereof, may incorporate into the genome of the plant. Alterations to the genome of a plant of the present invention include, but are not limited to, additions, deletions, and substitutions of nucleotides in the genome. While the methods of the present invention do not depend on additions, deletions, or substitutions of any particular number of nucleotides, it is recognized that such additions, deletions, or substitutions comprise at least one nucleotide.

The nucleotide constructs of the invention also encompass nucleotide constructs that may be employed in methods for altering or mutating a genomic nucleotide sequence in a plant, including, but not limited to, chimeric vectors, chimeric mutational vectors, chimeric repair vectors, mixed-duplex oligonucleotides, self-complementary chimeric oligonucleotides, and recombinogenic oligonucleobases. Such nucleotide constructs and methods of use, such as, for example, chimeraplasty, are known in the art. Chimeraplasty involves the use of such nucleotide constructs to introduce site-specific changes into the sequence of genomic DNA within an organism. See, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,565,350; 5,731,181; 5,756,325; 5,760,012; 5,795,972; and 5,871,984; all of which are herein incorporated by reference. See also, WO 98/49350, WO 99/07865, WO 99/25821, and Beetham et al. (1999) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:8774–8778; herein incorporated by reference.

A number of promoters can be used in the practice of the invention. The promoters can be selected based on the desired outcome. The nucleic acids can be combined with constitutive, tissue-preferred, or other promoters for expression in plants. Such constitutive promoters include, for example, the core promoter of the Rsyn7 promoter and other constitutive promoters disclosed in WO 99/43838 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,072,050; the core CaMV 35S promoter (Odell et al. (1985) Nature 313:810–812); rice actin (McElroy et al. (1990) Plant Cell 2:163–171); ubiquitin (Christensen et al. (1989) Plant Mol. Biol. 12:619–632 and Christensen et al. (1992) Plant Mol. Biol. 18:675–689); pEMU (Last et al. (1991) Theor. Appl. Genet. 81:581–588); MAS (Velten et al. (1984) EMBO J. 3:2723–2730); ALS promoter (U.S. Pat. No. 5,659,026), and the like. Other constitutive promoters include, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,608,149; 5,608,144; 5,604,121; 5,569,597; 5,466,785; 5,399,680; 5,268,463; and 5,608,142.

Chemical-regulated promoters can be used to modulate the expression of a gene in a plant through the application of an exogenous chemical regulator. Depending upon the objective, the promoter can be a chemical-inducible promoter, where application of the chemical induces gene expression, or a chemical-repressible promoter, where application of the chemical represses gene expression. For example, a chemically regulated promoter might be used to alter expression of the sequences of the invention prior to harvest. Application prior to harvest might allow the benefits of the invention, including improved digestibility or gum extraction, without impinging normal plant growth or development. Chemical-inducible promoters are known in the art and include, but are not limited to, the maize In2—2 promoter, which is activated by benzenesulfonamide herbicide safeners, the maize GST promoter, which is activated by hydrophobic electrophilic compounds that are used as pre-emergent herbicides, and the tobacco PR-1a promoter, which is activated by salicylic acid. Other chemical-regulated promoters of interest include steroid-responsive promoters (see, for example, the glucocorticoid-inducible promoter in Schena et al. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:10421–10425 and McNellis et al. (1998) Plant J. 14(2):247–257) and tetracycline-inducible and tetracycline-repressible promoters (see, for example, Gatz et al. (1991) Mol. Gen. Genet. 227:229–237, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,814,618 and 5,789,156), herein incorporated by reference.

Tissue-preferred promoters can be utilized to target modulation of polysaccharide synthase expression within a particular plant tissue. Tissue-preferred promoters include Yamamoto et al. (1997) Plant J. 12(2):255–265; Kawamata et al. (1997) Plant Cell Physiol. 38(7):792–803; Hansen et al. (1997) Mol. Gen Genet. 254(3):337–343; Russell et al. (1997) Transgenic Res. 6(2):157–168; Rinehart et al. (1996) Plant Physiol. 112(3):1331–1341; Van Camp et al. (1996) Plant Physiol. 112(2):525–535; Canevascini et al. (1996) Plant Physiol. 112(2):513–524; Yamamoto et al. (1994) Plant Cell Physiol. 35(5):773–778; Lam (1994) Results Probl. Cell Differ. 20:181–196; Orozco et al. (1993) Plant Mol Biol. 23(6):1129–1138; Matsuoka et al. (1993) Proc Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90(20):9586–9590; and Guevara-Garcia et al. (1993) Plant J. 4(3):495–505. Such promoters can be modified, if necessary, for weak expression.

“Seed-preferred” promoters include both “seed-specific” promoters (those promoters active during seed development such as promoters of seed storage proteins) as well as “seed-germinating” promoters (those promoters active during seed germination). See Thompson et al. (1989) BioEssays 10:108, herein incorporated by reference. Such seed-preferred promoters include, but are not limited to, Cim1 (cytokinin-induced message); cZ19B1 (maize 19 kDa zein); milps (myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase); and celA (cellulose synthase) (see the copending application entitled “Seed-Preferred Promoters,” U.S. application Ser. No. 09/377,648, filed Aug. 19, 1999, herein incorporated by reference). Gama-zein is a preferred endosperm-specific promoter. Glob-1 is a preferred embryo-specific promoter. For dicots, seed-specific promoters include, but are not limited to, bean β-phaseolin, napin, β-conglycinin, soybean lectin, cruciferin, and the like. For monocots, seed-specific promoters include, but are not limited to, maize 15 kDa zein, 22 kDa zein, 27 kDa zein, g-zein, waxy, shrunken 1, shrunken 2, globulin 1, etc.

Root-preferred promoters are known and can be selected from the many available from the literature or isolated de novo from various compatible species. See, for example, Hire et al. (1992) Plant Mol. Biol. 20(2): 207–218 (soybean root-specific glutamine synthase gene); Keller and Baumgartner (1991) Plant Cell 3(10):1051–1061 (root-specific control element in the GRP 1.8 gene of French bean); Sanger et al. (1990) Plant Mol. Biol. 14(3):433–443 (root-specific promoter of the mannopine synthase (MAS) gene of Agrobacterium tumefaciens); and Miao et al. (1991) Plant Cell 3(1):11–22 (full-length cDNA clone encoding cytosolic glutamine synthase (GS), which is expressed in roots and root nodules of soybean). See also Bogusz et al. (1990) Plant Cell 2(7):633–641, where two root-specific promoters isolated from hemoglobin genes from the nitrogen-fixing nonlegume Parasponia andersonii and the related non-nitrogen-fixing nonlegume Trema tomentosa are described. The promoters of these genes were linked to a β-glucuronidase reporter gene and introduced into both the nonlegume Nicotiana tabacum and the legume Lotus corniculatus, and in both instances root-specific promoter activity was preserved. Leach and Aoyagi (1991) describe their analysis of the promoters of the highly expressed rolC and rolD root-inducing genes of Agrobacterium rhizogenes (see Plant Science (Limerick) 79(1):69–76). They concluded that enhancer and tissue-preferred DNA determinants are dissociated in those promoters. Teeri et al. (1989) used gene fusion to lacZ to show that the Agrobacterium T-DNA gene encoding octopine synthase is especially active in the epidermis of the root tip and that the TR2′ gene is root specific in the intact plant and stimulated by wounding in leaf tissue, an especially desirable combination of characteristics for use with an insecticidal or larvicidal gene (see EMBO J. 8(2):343–350). The TR1′ gene, fused to nptII (neomycin phosphotransferase II) showed similar characteristics. Additional root-preferred promoters include the VfENOD-GRP3 gene promoter (Kuster et al. (1995) Plant Mol. Biol. 29(4):759–772); and rolB promoter (Capana et al. (1994) Plant Mol. Biol. 25(4):681–691. See also U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,837,876; 5,750,386; 5,633,363; 5,459,252; 5,401,836; 5,110,732; and 5,023,179; herein incorporated by reference.

Where low level expression is desired, weak promoters will be used. Generally, by “weak promoter” is intended a promoter that drives expression of a coding sequence at a low level. By low level is intended at levels of about 1/1000 transcripts to about 1/100,000 transcripts to about 1/500,000 transcripts. Alternatively, it is recognized that weak promoters also encompass promoters that are expressed in only a few cells and not in others to give a total low level of expression. Where a promoter is expressed at unacceptably high levels, portions of the promoter sequence can be deleted or modified to decrease expression levels.

Such weak constitutive promoters include, for example, the core promoter of the Rsyn7 promoter (WO 99/43838 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,072,050), the core 35S CaMV promoter, and the like. Other constitutive promoters include, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,608,149; 5,608,144; 5,604,121; 5,569,597; 5,466,785; 5,399,680; 5,268,463; and 5,608,142. See also, the copending application entitled “Constitutive Maize Promoters,” U.S. application Ser. No. 09/257,584, filed Feb. 25, 1999, and herein incorporated by reference.

Additional examples of promoters include the F3.7 promoter from maize (Baszczynski, et al. (1997) Maydica 42:189–201); the soybean albumin promoter (U.S. Pat. No. 6,177,613), the beta conglycinin promoter (WO 91/13993), the Smas promoter, the cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase promoter (U.S. Pat. No. 5,683,439), the SCP1 promoter, the Nos promoter, and the rubisco promoter. Yet more examples of promoters include the 1′- or 2′-promoter derived from T-DNA of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, the histone H2B promoter (Nakayama et al. (1992) FEBS Lett 30:167–170), the GRP1–8 promoter, and other transcription initiation regions from various plant genes known in the art.

Examples of promoters under developmental control include promoters that initiate transcription preferentially in certain tissues, such as leaves, roots, fruits, seeds, or flowers. An exemplary promoter is the anther specific promoter 5126 (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,689,049 and 5,689,051). Examples of seed-preferred promoters include, but are not limited to, 27 kD gamma zein promoter and waxy promoter, (Boronat et al. (1986) Plant Sci. 47:95–102, Reina et al. (1990) Nucleic Acids Res. 18:6426, and Kloesgen et al. (1986) Mol Gen Genet 203:237–244, each of which is herein incorporated by reference).

The methods of the invention involve introducing a nucleotide construct into a plant. By “introducing” is intended presenting to the plant the nucleotide construct in such a manner that the construct gains access to the interior of a cell of the plant. The methods of the invention do not depend on a particular method for introducing a nucleotide construct to a plant, only that the nucleotide construct gains access to the interior of at least one cell of the plant. Methods for introducing nucleotide constructs into plants are known in the art including, but not limited to, stable transformation methods, transient transformation methods, and virus-mediated methods.

By “stable transformation” is intended that the nucleotide construct introduced into a plant integrates into the genome of the plant and is capable of being inherited by progeny thereof. By “transient transformation” is intended that a nucleotide construct introduced into a plant does not integrate into the genome of the plant.

Transformation protocols as well as protocols for introducing nucleotide sequences into plants may vary depending on the type of plant or plant cell, i.e., monocot or dicot, targeted for transformation. Suitable methods of introducing nucleotide sequences into plant cells and subsequent insertion into the plant genome include microinjection (Crossway et al. (1986) Biotechniques 4:320–334), electroporation (Riggs et al. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:5602–5606, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (Townsend et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,563,055; Zhao et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,981,840), direct gene transfer (Paszkowski et al. (1984) EMBO J. 3:2717–2722), and ballistic particle acceleration (see, for example, Sanford et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,945,050; Tomes et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,879,918; Tomes et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,886,244; Bidney et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,932,782; Tomes et al. (1995) “Direct DNA Transfer into Intact Plant Cells via Microprojectile Bombardment,” in Plant Cell, Tissue, and Organ Culture: Fundamental Methods, ed. Gamborg and Phillips (Springer-Verlag, Berlin); and McCabe et al. (1988) Biotechnology 6:923–926). Also see Weissinger et al. (1988) Ann. Rev. Genet 22:421–477; Sanford et al. (1987) Particulate Science and Technology 5:27–37 (onion); Christou et al. (1988) Plant Physiol. 87:671–674 (soybean); McCabe et al. (1988) Bio/Technology 6:923–926 (soybean); Finer and McMullen (1991) In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. 27P:175–182 (soybean); Singh et al. (1998) Theor. Appl. Genet. 96:319–324 (soybean); Datta et al. (1990) Biotechnology 8:736–740 (rice); Klein et al. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:4305–4309 (maize); Klein et al. (1988) Biotechnology 6:559–563 (maize); Tomes, U.S. Pat. No. 5,240,855; Buising et al., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,322,783 and 5,324,646; Tomes et al. (1995) “Direct DNA Transfer into Intact Plant Cells via Microprojectile Bombardment,” in Plant Cell, Tissue, and Organ Culture: Fundamental Methods, ed. Gamborg (Springer-Verlag, Berlin) (maize); Klein et al. (1988) Plant Physiol. 91:440–444 (maize); Fromm et al. (1990) Biotechnology 8:833–839 (maize); Hooykaas-Van Slogteren et al. (1984) Nature (London) 311:763–764; Bowen et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,736,369 (cereals); Bytebier et al. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:5345–5349 (Liliaceae); De Wet et al. (1985) in The Experimental Manipulation of Ovule Tissues, ed. Chapman et al. (Longman, N.Y.), pp. 197–209 (pollen); Kaeppler et al. (1990) Plant Cell Reports 9:415–418 and Kaeppler et al. (1992) Theor. Appl. Genet. 84:560–566 (whisker-mediated transformation); D'Halluin et al. (1992) Plant Cell 4:1495–1505 (electroporation); Li et al. (1993) Plant Cell Reports 12:250–255 and Christou and Ford (1995) Annals of Botany 75:407–413 (rice); Osjoda et al. (1996) Nature Biotechnology 14:745–750 (maize via Agrobacterium tumefaciens); all of which are herein incorporated by reference.

The nucleotide constructs of the invention may be introduced into plants by contacting plants with a virus or viral nucleic acids. Generally, such methods involve incorporating a nucleotide construct of the invention within a viral DNA or RNA molecule. It is recognized that a polysaccharide synthase of the invention may be initially synthesized as part of a viral polyprotein, which later may be processed by proteolysis in vivo or in vitro to produce the desired recombinant protein. Further, it is recognized that promoters of the invention also encompass promoters utilized for transcription by viral RNA polymerases. Methods for introducing nucleotide constructs into plants and expressing a protein encoded therein, involving viral DNA or RNA molecules, are known in the art. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,889,191, 5,889,190, 5,866,785, 5,589,367 and 5,316,931; herein incorporated by reference.

The cells that have been transformed may be grown into plants in accordance with conventional ways. See, for example, McCormick et al. (1986) Plant Cell Reports 5:81–84. These plants may then be grown, and either pollinated with the same transformed strain or different strains, and the resulting hybrid having the desired type of expression, for example constitutive or tissue-preferred expression of the desired phenotypic characteristic identified. Two or more generations may be grown to ensure that expression of the desired phenotypic characteristic is stably maintained and inherited and then seeds harvested to ensure expression of the desired phenotypic characteristic has been achieved.

The nucleotide sequences encompassed by the present invention may be used for transformation of any plant species, including, but not limited to, monocots and dicots. Examples of plant species of interest include, but are not limited to, corn (Zea mays), Brassica sp. (e.g., B. napus, B. rapa, B. juncea), particularly those Brassica species useful as sources of seed oil, alfalfa (Medicago sativa), rice (Oryza sativa), rye (Secale cereale), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor, Sorghum vulgare), millet (e.g., pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), proso millet (Panicum miliaceum), foxtail millet (Setaria italica), finger millet (Eleusine coracana)), sunflower (Helianthus annuus), safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), wheat (Triticum aestivum), soybean (Glycine max), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), potato (Solanum tuberosum), peanuts (Arachis hypogaea), cotton (Gossypium barbadense, Gossypium hirsutum), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatus), cassava (Manihot esculenta), coffee (Coffea spp.), coconut (Cocos nucifera), pineapple (Ananas comosus), citrus trees (Citrus spp.), cocoa (Theobroma cacao), tea (Camellia sinensis), banana (Musa spp.), avocado (Persea americana), fig (Ficus casica), guava (Psidium guajava), mango (Mangifera indica), olive (Olea europaea), papaya (Carica papaya), cashew (Anacardium occidentale), macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia), almond (Prunus amygdalus), sugar beets (Beta vulgaris), sugarcane (Saccharum spp.), oats, barley, vegetables, ornamentals, and conifers.

Vegetables include tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum), lettuce (e.g., Lactuca sativa), green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), lima beans (Phaseolus limensis), peas (Lathyrus spp.), and members of the genus Cucumis such as cucumber (C. sativus), cantaloupe (C. cantalupensis), and muskmelon (C. melo). Ornamentals include azalea (Rhododendron spp.), hydrangea (Macrophylla hydrangea), hibiscus (Hibiscus rosasanensis), roses (Rosa spp.), tulips (Tulipa spp.), daffodils (Narcissus spp.), petunias (Petunia hybrida), carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus), poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima), and chrysanthemum.

Conifers that may be employed in practicing the present invention include, for example, pines such as loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), slash pine (Pinus elliotii), ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), and Monterey pine (Pinus radiata); Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii); Western hemlock (Tsuga canadensis); Sitka spruce (Picea glauca); redwood (Sequoia sempervirens); true firs such as silver fir (Abies amabilis) and balsam fir (Abies balsamea); and cedars such as Western red cedar (Thuja plicata) and Alaska yellow-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis). Preferably, plants of the present invention are crop plants (for example, corn, alfalfa, sunflower, Brassica, soybean, cotton, safflower, peanut, sorghum, wheat, millet, tobacco, etc.), more preferably corn and soybean plants, yet more preferably corn plants.

Plants of particular interest include grain plants that provide seeds of interest, oil-seed plants, and leguminous plants. Seeds of interest include grain seeds, such as corn, wheat, barley, rice, sorghum, rye, etc. Oil-seed plants include cotton, soybean, safflower, sunflower, Brassica, maize, alfalfa, palm, coconut, etc. Leguminous plants include beans and peas. Beans include guar, locust bean, fenugreek, soybean, garden beans, cowpea, mungbean, lima bean, fava bean, lentils, chickpea, etc.

This invention can be better understood by reference to the following non-limited examples. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that other embodiments of the invention may be practiced without departing from the spirit and the scope of the invention as herein disclosed.

EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE 1 Particle Gun Transformation and Regeneration of Transgenic Maize Plants

Immature maize embryos from greenhouse donor plants are bombarded with a plasmid containing a polysaccharide synthase sequence of the invention operably linked to a F3.7 promoter (Baszczynski, et al. (1997) Maydica 42:189–201) and the selectable marker gene PAT (Wohlleben et al. (1988) Gene 70:25–37), which confers resistance to the herbicide Bialaphos. Alternatively, the selectable marker gene is provided on a separate plasmid. Transformation is performed as follows. Media recipes follow below.

Preparation of Target Tissue

The ears are husked and surface sterilized in 30% Clorox bleach plus 0.5% Micro detergent for 20 minutes, and rinsed two times with sterile water. The immature embryos are excised and placed embryo axis side down (scutellum side up), 25 embryos per plate, on 560Y medium for 4 hours and then aligned within the 2.5-cm target zone in preparation for bombardment.

Preparation of DNA

A plasmid vector comprising a nucleotide sequence of the invention operably linked to a F3.7 promoter is made. This plasmid DNA plus plasmid DNA containing a PAT selectable marker is precipitated onto 1.1 μm (average diameter) tungsten pellets using a CaCl₂ precipitation procedure as follows:

100 μl prepared tungsten particles in water

10 μl (1 μg) DNA in Tris EDTA buffer (1 μg total DNA)

100 μl 2.5 M CaC1₂

10 μl 0.1 M spermidine

Each reagent is added sequentially to the tungsten particle suspension, while maintained on the multitube vortexer. The final mixture is sonicated briefly and allowed to incubate under constant vortexing for 10 minutes. After the precipitation period, the tubes are centrifuged briefly, liquid removed, washed with 500 ml 100% ethanol, and centrifuged for 30 seconds. Again the liquid is removed, and 105 μl 100% ethanol is added to the final tungsten particle pellet. For particle gun bombardment, the tungsten/DNA particles are briefly sonicated and 10 μl spotted onto the center of each macrocarrier and allowed to dry about 2 minutes before bombardment.

Particle Gun Treatment

The sample plates are bombarded at level #4 in particle gun #HE34-1 or #HE34-2. All samples receive a single shot at 650 PSI, with a total of ten aliquots taken from each tube of prepared particles/DNA.

Subsequent Treatment

Following bombardment, the embryos are kept on 560Y medium for 2 days, then transferred to 560R selection medium containing 3 mg/liter Bialaphos, and subcultured every 2 weeks. After approximately 10 weeks of selection, selection-resistant callus clones are transferred to 288J medium to initiate plant regeneration. Following somatic embryo maturation (2–4 weeks), well-developed somatic embryos are transferred to medium for germination and transferred to the lighted culture room. Approximately 7–10 days later, developing plantlets are transferred to 272V hormone-free medium in tubes for 7–10 days until plantlets are well established. Plants are then transferred to inserts in flats (equivalent to 2.5″ pot) containing potting soil and grown for 1 week in a growth chamber, subsequently grown an additional 1–2 weeks in the greenhouse, then transferred to classic 600 pots (1.6 gallon) and grown to maturity. Plants are monitored and scored for altered polysaccharide synthase activity.

Bombardment and Culture Media

Bombardment medium (560Y) comprises 4.0 g/l N6 basal salts (SIGMA C-1416), 1.0 ml/l Eriksson's Vitamin Mix (1000×SIGMA-1511), 0.5 mg/l thiamine HCl, 120.0 g/l sucrose, 1.0 mg/l 2,4-D, and 2.88 g/l L-proline (brought to volume with D-I H₂0 following adjustment to pH 5.8 with KOH); 2.0 g/l Gelrite (added after bringing to volume with D-I H₂0); and 8.5 mg/l silver nitrate (added after sterilizing the medium and cooling to room temperature). Selection medium (560R) comprises 4.0 g/l N6 basal salts (SIGMA C-1416), 1.0 ml/l Eriksson's Vitamin Mix (1000×SIGMA-1511), 0.5 mg/l thiamine HCl, 30.0 g/l sucrose, and 2.0 mg/l 2,4-D (brought to volume with D-I H₂0 following adjustment to pH 5.8 with KOH); 3.0 g/l Gelrite (added after bringing to volume with D-I H₂0); and 0.85 mg/l silver nitrate and 3.0 mg/l bialaphos (both added after sterilizing the medium and cooling to room temperature).

Plant regeneration medium (288J) comprises 4.3 g/l MS salts (GIBCO 11117-074), 5.0 ml/l MS vitamins stock solution (0.100 g nicotinic acid, 0.02 g/l thiamine HCL, 0.10 g/l pyridoxine HCL, and 0.40 g/l glycine brought to volume with polished D-I H₂0) (Murashige and Skoog (1962) Physiol. Plant 15:473), 100 mg/l myo-inositol, 0.5 mg/l zeatin, 60 g/l sucrose, and 1.0 ml/l of 0.1 mM abscisic acid (brought to volume with polished D-I H₂0 after adjusting to pH 5.6); 3.0 g/l Gelrite (added after bringing to volume with D-I H₂0); and 1.0 mg/l indoleacetic acid and 3.0 mg/l bialaphos (added after sterilizing the medium and cooling to 60° C.). Hormone-free medium (272V) comprises 4.3 g/l MS salts (GIBCO 11117-074), 5.0 ml/l MS vitamins stock solution (0.100 g/l nicotinic acid, 0.02 g/l thiamine HCL, 0.10 g/l pyridoxine HCL, and 0.40 g/l glycine brought to volume with polished D-I H₂0), 0.1 g/l myo-inositol, and 40.0 g/l sucrose (brought to volume with polished D-I H₂0 after adjusting pH to 5.6); and 6 g/l bacto-agar (added after bringing to volume with polished D-I H₂0), sterilized and cooled to 60° C.

EXAMPLE 2 Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation of Maize

For Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of maize with polysaccharide synthase gene(s) or nucleotide sequence(s) of the invention, preferably the method of Zhao is employed (U.S. Pat. No. 5,981,840, and PCT patent publication WO98/32326; the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference). Briefly, immature embryos are isolated from maize and the embryos contacted with a suspension of Agrobacterium, where the bacteria are capable of transferring the polysaccharide synthase gene(s) or nucleotide sequence(s) to at least one cell of at least one of the immature embryos (step 1: the infection step). In this step the immature embryos are preferably immersed in an Agrobacterium suspension for the initiation of inoculation. The embryos are co-cultured for a time with the Agrobacterium (step 2: the co-cultivation step). Preferably the immature embryos are cultured on solid medium following the infection step. Following this co-cultivation period an optional “resting” step is contemplated. In this resting step, the embryos are incubated in the presence of at least one antibiotic known to inhibit the growth of Agrobacterium without the addition of a selective agent for plant transformants (step 3: resting step). Preferably the immature embryos are cultured on solid medium with antibiotic, but without a selecting agent, for elimination of Agrobacterium and for a resting phase for the infected cells. Next, inoculated embryos are cultured on medium containing a selective agent and growing transformed callus is recovered (step 4: the selection step). Preferably, the immature embryos are cultured on solid medium with a selective agent resulting in the selective growth of transformed cells. The callus is then regenerated into plants (step 5: the regeneration step), and preferably calli grown on selective medium are cultured on solid medium to regenerate the plants. Regenerated transgenic plants are then monitored for altered polysaccharide synthase activity.

EXAMPLE 3 Soybean Embryo Transformation Example

Soybean embryos are bombarded with a plasmid containing a polysaccharide synthase gene or nucleotide sequence of the invention operably linked to a soybean albumin promoter (U.S. Pat. No. 6,177,613) as follows. To induce somatic embryos, cotyledons, 3–5 mm in length dissected from surface-sterilized, immature seeds of the soybean cultivar A2872, are cultured in the light or dark at 26° C. on an appropriate agar medium for six to ten weeks. Somatic embryos producing secondary embryos are then excised and placed into a suitable liquid medium. After repeated selection for clusters of somatic embryos that multiplied as early, globular-staged embryos, the suspensions are maintained as described below.

Soybean embryogenic suspension cultures can maintained in 35 ml liquid media on a rotary shaker, 150 rpm, at 26° C. with florescent lights on a 16:8 hour day/night schedule. Cultures are subcultured every two weeks by inoculating approximately 35 mg of tissue into 35 ml of liquid medium.

Soybean embryogenic suspension cultures may then be transformed by the method of particle gun bombardment (Klein et al. (1987)Nature (London) 327:70–73, U.S. Pat. No. 4,945,050). A Du Pont Biolistic PDS1000/HE instrument (helium retrofit) can be used for these transformations.

A selectable marker gene that can be used to facilitate soybean transformation is a transgene composed of the 35S promoter from Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (Odell et al. (1985) Nature 313:810–812), the hygromycin phosphotransferase gene from plasmid pJR225 (from E. coli; Gritz et al. (1983) Gene 25:179–188), and the 3′ region of the nopaline synthase gene from the T-DNA of the Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The expression cassette comprising a polysaccharide synthase nucleotide sequence operably linked to the soybean albumin promoter can be isolated as a restriction fragment. This fragment can then be inserted into a unique restriction site of the vector carrying the marker gene.

To 50 μl of a 60 mg/ml 1 μm gold particle suspension is added (in order): 5 μl DNA (1 μg/μl), 20 μl spermidine (0.1 M), and 50 μl CaCl₂ (2.5 M). The particle preparation is then agitated for three minutes, spun in a microfuge for 10 seconds and the supernatant removed. The DNA-coated particles are then washed once in 400 μl 70% ethanol and resuspended in 40 μl of anhydrous ethanol. The DNA/particle suspension can be sonicated three times for one second each. Five microliters of the DNA-coated gold particles are then loaded on each macro carrier disk.

Approximately 300–400 mg of a two-week-old suspension culture is placed in an empty 60×15 mm petri dish and the residual liquid removed from the tissue with a pipette. For each transformation experiment, approximately 5–10 plates of tissue are normally bombarded. Membrane rupture pressure is set at 1100 psi, and the chamber is evacuated to a vacuum of 28 inches mercury. The tissue is placed approximately 3.5 inches away from the retaining screen and bombarded three times. Following bombardment, the tissue can be divided in half and placed back into liquid and cultured as described above.

Five to seven days post bombardment, the liquid media may be exchanged with fresh media, and eleven to twelve days post-bombardment with fresh media containing 50 mg/ml hygromycin. This selective media can be refreshed weekly. Seven to eight weeks post-bombardment, green, transformed tissue may be observed growing from untransformed, necrotic embryogenic clusters. Isolated green tissue is removed and inoculated into individual flasks to generate new, clonally propagated, transformed embryogenic suspension cultures. Each new line may be treated as an independent transformation event. These suspensions can then be subcultured and maintained as clusters of immature embryos or regenerated into whole plants by maturation and germination of individual somatic embryos. Regenerated transgenic plants are then monitored for altered polysaccharide synthase activity.

All publications and patent applications mentioned in the specification are indicative of the level of those skilled in the art to which this invention pertains. All publications and patent applications are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity of understanding, it will be obvious that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the appended embodiments. 

1. An isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: a) a nucleotide sequence comprising the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1; and b) a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2.
 2. An expression cassette comprising a nucleotide sequence of claim 1, wherein said nucleotide sequence is operably linked to a promoter that drives expression in a plant cell.
 3. The expression cassette of claim 2, wherein said promoter is a constitutive promoter.
 4. A nucleotide construct comprising the expression cassette of claim
 2. 5. A plant cell having stably incorporated into its genome the expression cassette of claim
 2. 6. The plant cell of claim 5, wherein said plant cell is from a monocotyledonous plant.
 7. The plant cell of claim 5, wherein said plant cell is from a dicotyledonous plant.
 8. A plant having stably incorporated in its genome the expression cassette of claim
 2. 9. The plant of claim 8, wherein said plant is a dicot.
 10. The plant of claim 8, wherein said plant is a monocot.
 11. A method for decreasing the level of a polysaccharide synthase in a plant, said method comprising stably transforming a plant cell with a nucleotide sequence operably linked to a heterologous promoter capable of initiating transcription in a plant and regenerating a transformed plant with a decreased level of polysaccharide synthase, wherein said polysaccharide synthase comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: a) a nucleotide sequence comprising the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1; and b) a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein said plant is a dicot.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein said dicot is soybean, sunflower, canola, alfalfa, cotton, Arabidopsis thaliana, tomato, Brassica vegetables, peppers, potatoes, apples, spinach, or lettuce.
 14. The method of claim 11, wherein said plant is a monocot.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein said monocot is corn, sorghum, wheat, rice, barley, or millet. 